Are German Atrocities In A Myth Or Reality History Essay Free Essays

On one manus, the book German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial is of great value, as it portrays the state of affairs on the footing of legion beginnings and grounds. What really happened during the German invasion of Belgium in August 1914 was, in much item, analyzed to come to a decision that would non merely be based on premises and accusals. There was an â€Å" extraordinary sum of myth and fable that propagandists deposited over the true history of the events †[ 3 ]. We will write a custom essay sample on Are German Atrocities In A Myth Or Reality History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This besides has to be considered when analysing this book, as it can besides be seen as a type of propaganda. The beginning, originated in 2001 and written by John Horne and Alan Kramer, weighed the grounds of these past happenings, to find what can be considered to be a myth, and what is accepted to be world. It explains that German soldiers feared and really much expected to happen barbarian franc-tireurs, or civilian zealots, around every corner in Belgium. This caused them to put to death normal enemy soldiers, guiltless civilians and even some of their ain people in friendly fires.[ 4 ]Germans burnt down the mediaeval library in Louvain because they believed franc-tireurs had been active at that place. In world there was â€Å" no official Belgian policy of civilian opposition, and really small – if any – existent civilian opposition. â€Å" A? There is really small grounds for stray incidents, so the writers of this book found that Germans had no valid ground to assail civilians. However, German soldiers executed around 6,500 guiltless civilians, driven by their ain paranoia. Kramer and Horne besides straight associate these accounts to the usage of propaganda at the clip. In their book it is explained that the British authorities published studies of German atrociousnesss affecting kids whose custodies were cut off as they were keeping onto their female parents, and farther narratives that were depicted for the British public to see. These illustrations of propaganda are really relevant to this rating, because they introduce another facet of the state of affairs. Britain used propaganda to influence and pull strings its ain people, by doing them believe that the Germans were brutal monsters that had to be stopped. It made certain that all people knew precisely whom to direct their hatred towards. Britain ‘s chief statement was that Germany was evil, had to be attacked and surely defeated. The worse Germany ‘s atrociousnesss seemed, the easier it was for Britain to convert its people that war was necessary to halt them.[ 5 ]One of Britain â₠¬Ëœs chief motivations was besides to conceal any facts that would demo how barbarous war really was, as it wanted to convert as many of its citizens as possible to enlist themselves in the ground forces. Recruiting was one of its chief ideas behind such propaganda. Cinemas, films, and photographs presented German undercover agents and barbarous atrociousnesss, and besides British authors were told to make anti-German propaganda.[ 6 ]A specialised â€Å" War Propaganda Bureau † , besides known as â€Å" Wellington House † , was set up merely to command the people ‘s sentiments. It was really active and had sub-divisions, one of which specialized merely on anti-German propaganda.[ 7 ]It is unquestionable whether Britain took advantage of the narratives refering German atrociousnesss to pull strings the heads of its people in 1914. The invasion of Belgium gave Britain a ground to take portion in the war, and the public propaganda it had used to turn its citizens ag ainst Germany, gave the state the strength to bear up against its enemy. Another really of import facet of propaganda is the Bryce Report.[ 8 ]This beginning of information is really valuable when looking at the point of position that Germany did perpetrate such a big figure of war offenses. It evaluates a broad assortment of histories of victims and provinces that its claims are based on informant studies, whose names could, nevertheless, non be identified. It is explained that this is due to â€Å" the fright that there might be German reprisals against household members. But British soldier informants remained every bit anon. , for no evident ground. Nevertheless in his debut, Bryce said he and his fellow commissioners had tested the grounds ‘severely. ‘ â€Å"[ 9 ]James Bryce wrote this study to inform people in the United States about the state of affairs refering German atrociousnesss in Belgium, and it was published with a really certain consequence. The United States had a more impersonal attitude towards the state of affairs in Euro pe, until Bryce ‘s study was officially presented to its people. Its transcripts were sold for merely a penny, and the many people who read it thought of the Germans the same manner British citizens did. When replying the inquiry, whether or non German atrociousnesss in 1914 were myth or world, the Bryce Report can on one manus be considered an hyperbole of the past incidents, but on the other besides as a valid beginning that proved German atrociousnesss to be true to such a big extent. On one manus there is important agnosticism about the study, as even Bryce reported himself as doubting. It was used for anti-German propaganda, and it was rushed into print five yearss after the sinking of the Lusitania, a British rider ship, to convey the United States into the war. Narratives of atrociousnesss were dubbed as propaganda and prevarications and were non verifiable. On the other manus, it can be considered to be dependable because it contains first-hand studies from 1,200 refugees in Britain, official Belgian studies, and infusions from German journals. These studies were good known to the general populace. The Bryce Report besides provides conclusive grounds of onslaughts against civilians and cultural sites. The German authorities published paperss both during and after the war trying to legalize their actions against civilians, thereby turn outing that they did happen.[ 10 ] To oppose the thoughts of the study and besides some of Horne ‘s and Kramer ‘s averments, an article from a German citizen, Klaus Wippermann, was published in August 2004.[ 11 ]It introduces the thought that most of the atrociousnesss were strictly fantasized and that it was merely British propaganda that gave Germany such a hideous image in World War 1. It states that Britain debased Germany and made it look to be inhumane. The beginning besides discusses the thought that Britain welcomed Germany ‘s invasion of Belgium, to give it the best possible alibi to get down contending. The war was non merely a consequence of Germany ‘s purposes, because all other powers had much more specific grounds to get down one. The article besides mentions that Horne and Kramer analyzed distorted facts instead than valid 1s, and that their book is based on a figure of selected beginnings that give Germany an even worse image. It states that any offense committed by a German is automatically worse that the same offense committed by person else, and clarifies how absurd such ways of believing and such ways of analysing state of affairss are. From this it can be seen that really different sentiments can be based on really different pieces of grounds, and that the clip period besides affects certain perceptual experiences of world. Horne ‘s and Kramer ‘s book appears to be really dependable, as it shows both sides to this statement and provides grounds and a background that is doubtless a valid beginning of information. It does non deny or contradict events that truly did take topographic point, and it besides evaluates to what extent propaganda exaggerated them. Bryce ‘s study is a instead nonreversible statement and gives the feeling that Germans were strictly evil, which coincides with the thoughts portrayed by British propaganda at the clip. Britain and the United States wanted to act upon their people to give them a colored position towards the war. Propaganda at the clip, even if exaggerated to a big extent, was still really reliable because it was, after all, based on a figure of true occasions. Wh ilst Germans denied to hold been guilty of anything at the clip, their enemies made it look as if they were hardhearted monsters who were merely waiting to anguish and execute civilians. This was a instance of common denial, as Belgium negated all accusals of holding franc-tireurs that caused Germany to perpetrate such offenses, and Germany steadfastly believed that it was a victim of Belgian zealots. It can be said that German atrociousnesss either happened, were imagined, or that they were invented to organize public sentiment, but neither of these facets can entirely reply the inquiry whether or non they were myth or world, because they were all interlinked to give such beliing statements refering this subject. How to cite Are German Atrocities In A Myth Or Reality History Essay, Essay examples

The Fifteenth Amendment free essay sample

A description and an overview of the Fifteenth Amendment and its enfranchisement and suffrage clauses. This paper examines the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The writer describes the enfranchisement and suffrage laws passed though in reality still denying black people and women the privilege to exercise their right to vote. This paper provides an overview of their struggle to regain their right to vote as well as of the development of women suffrage conventions and other women and black movements. That right, that sets democracies apart from other forms of government, was of course denied to most Americans at the time the Republic was founded, and it would take 150 years for most Americans to become legally enfranchised. It would another half century almost for the practical (although not legal) barriers against black enfranchisement to take effect. This paper examines the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution and something that was both an act of great social justice and an act of great social iniquity the simultaneous enfranchisement of black men after the Civil War the formal and intentional disenfranchisement of all women in the middle of the 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fifteenth Amendment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Importance of Being Earnest Research Paper Example

The Importance of Being Earnest Paper Stubborn, irresponsible and shallow: three words to describe the character Jack, from The Importance of Being Earnest. In Oscar Wildes light-hearted play, Jack is a wealthy young man, who is a main character involved in the complex plot(s). Throughout the play, Wilde slowly reveals different things about Jack so the audience feel like they are getting to know him better. The playwright obviously has strong views about people from the Edwardian era (setting of The Importance of Being Earnest), and his characters are his way of communicating these opinions. Jack is a noticeable character and has very individual traits, which adds to the atmosphere of the play and makes it more humorous. By giving each character a distinctive personality, it helps the audience distinguish between the many plots because the more extreme a character is, the more likely it is that you remember them. He appears to have no understanding of responsibility as at the beginning of the play he says Oh, pleasure, pleasure! What else should bring one anywhere? , when Algernon asks why he has come to the town. This shows he is irresponsible because it shows he just wants to have fun and enjoy himself. This quote also shows he is wealthy and extravagant because he can obviously travel whenever he wants to and has the cash to do so. This links back to the point that he is irresponsible because if he had the sole responsibility of anything then he wouldnt just be able to travel for example if he worked then he would not just be able to leave his job. The word pleasure emphasises the point that the character Jack is wealthy, as he clearly has a luxurious lifestyle and the money to afford pleasure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Being Earnest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Being Earnest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Being Earnest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The phrase what else should bring one anywhere? also suggests he is young and care free because he has no understanding that people might not travel for pleasure. He appears to be living in his own little world and has no idea that others struggle to find the money to survive and have to work very hard to do so. This is an important part of Oscar Wildes message that the rich were quite nai ve but I will discuss this further later. On the other hand this quote could show he was just spontaneous and always looking for an adventure. Instead of being frivolous he is just enjoying the money he has and making the most of his life. It would probably depend on the audiences views on money as to whether they saw Jack as overly extravagant or just spontaneous. The idea that he is irresponsible is actually not a true character trait, because actually Jack is quite devious, and does have responsibilities because he is a guardian in the country, where he is known as Jack, to Cecily his ward. The previous quote applies to this as well because doesnt want Algernon to find out he has responsibilities as he may come across as boring. While he is actually travelling to the town for pleasure, he tries to cover the fact he has a secret life in the country with what else should bring one anywhere? This acts as a cover because Jack knows that travelling isnt always about pleasure but he tries to fit in with Algernons profligate lifestyle. At many points in the play Jack says things that make the characters he is talking to believe he is someone he is not. This is usually due to the fact he is trying to cover up his lies. There are points when Jack is shown to be demanding. When he travels to the town, in act one, he says to Algernon I simply want my cigarette case back. This shows Jack to be demanding and perhaps impatient. The phrase simple want implies he is impatient as this is the way the line would be performed when on stage. I imagine that the line would be delivered in a snappy way, and Jack would probably look quite angry or uncomfortable. The line is short which would make the audience believe that Jack is short-tempered and the word want adds to this. His demand is polite yet the tone in the actors voice would give away that Jack was actually frustrated. In the conversation that is taking place, Algernon has read the inscription on the cigarette case, which makes it obvious that is belongs to Jack and is from Cecily. Algernon knows Jack as Ernest as this is what Jack calls himself in the town. Algy also knows the cigarette case belongs to Ernest so is confused by the inscription which goes against what he knows. The conversation arouses suspicion with Algy and so he starts questioning Jack (or Ernest as he is known to Algernon at this point). The quote links to this because instead of having a short-temper, he could have appeared impatient because he was anxious about being found out. The actor could show this by being fidgety and looking uncomfortable with the situation. This makes sense because Jack is happy with the way he has two lives, one in the town and one in the country and as no-body likes to be lied to, Algernon and Jack would probably wend up having a fight, and things would probably have to change or Algernon would want to meet Cecily and everything would get confusing, so Jack didnt want him to find out. If this is the case the word simply would be Jack trying to cover the fact he was really anxious to get his cigarette case back without Algy discovering the lies and him trying to sound as casual and calm as possible. Throughout the play, he is very cagey about the secrets and right up until the end, there are still things being discovered. Oscar Wilde sometimes gives the characters lines that just spark the idea with the audience that they are lying. At the beginning Jack says Eh? Shropshire? Yes of course! This gives the idea that Jack is lying about where he has been and where his house in the country it because he sounds confused. He is hesitant to begin with, like he is unsure of what he is talking about, even though, he should be sure. The question marks show the actor would go up at the end of the words, to make it clear it is a question. The actor would also probably have a confused face, while he thinks about what is being said. Jack after giving away slightly that he was lying tries to go back on himself, and cover it up by saying Yes, of course, as if he knew all along. This is a subtle effect used by Wilde, which just triggers the feeling he is being dishonest with the audience. From this point they are then more likely to pick up on other times when he is lying, which adds to both his character and the storyline. Narcissistic is a word that could be used to describe many of the characters but Jack definitely has this characteristic. Wilde makes all the characters self-centred and vain, which is a lot of the reason why the play is a comedy. It adds to the humour because they are only interested in their own lives, so end up clashing because they are unable to understand other people. Wilde shows Jack to have this trait with the line It is very painful for me to be forced to speak the truth. He doesnt realise how much his lying might upset people and hasnt thought about the consequences. All he wants is happiness for him and this links back to the point that he is demanding because he doesnt understand that others may have their own concerns. He has been lying but he doesnt think about how this will affect others just how painful it is for him. It sounds as if he doesnt realise that the lies may hurt others but he understands that it is wrong because he is embarrassed about having to tell them. He doesnt want to admit he has lied because he likes the situation he is in even though it is deceitful. At certain points he can be very hypocritical. He says to Algernon my dear fellow the sooner you give up this silly nonsense the better about his lying and having a double personality. This is hypocritical because Jack also has another personality and identity but this is what he is telling Algy off for! The fact he calls it silly nonsense shows that he recognises that what he is doing is a bit stupid and immature but this doesnt affect his actions because he is benefiting from having two identities because he can get out of things he doesnt want to do. Jack also appears to be romantic throughout the play. He loves Gwendolen and want impress both her and her mother; who wont let them marry. In the first act he appears very romantic when he admits his love to Gwendolen. The character has the line, I have never loved anyone in the world except you. He sounds very charming and this line is likely to surprise and impress Gwendolen. On stage this would probably be a very intense and emotional scene. Gwendolen and Jack are having this secret conversation while Lady Bracknell (Gwendolens mother), is in the other room, so it could be quite rushed or panicky. Later in act one he calls her My own darling which shows he is affectionate, but possible a bit possessive. The fact he calls her darling shows he is affectionate and adoring of her because it is a familiar pet-name. He says my own which is the part that makes him sound possessive because it sounds like she is a possession; an object rather than a woman. This could mean the character is controlling and maybe clingy. He wants other people to know Gwendolen is with him and it could be pride or it could be jealousy and control. Towards the end of the play, in act 3, Gwendolen says I am engaged to be married to Mr. Worthing. This quote makes Jack (Mr. Worthing) appears to be romantic because the couple have stayed together through the action in the play so far, even though they have had opposition. They are still serious about each other, and love each other even though their relationship was frowned upon and challenged by the highly respected Lady Bracknell. She was quite a fierce character so it makes it more likely that Jack and Gwendolen are truly in love, because they are in an unofficial and nonstandard relationship (because of the way they got together), and so should probably not be together but even with Lady Bracknell pressuring them to split up they havent. Their relationship is unusual because in that era, if you wanted to marry a woman you went to her parents first but Jack didnt do this, he went straight to Gwendolen, which must have angered Lady Bracknell as she would have felt protective towards Gwendolen. This proves Jack is romantic because he must have really loved Gwendolen, or at least really wanted to be with her because Lady Bracknell was very powerful and what he was doing, she disapproved of and could have probably done something about. However in the end Lady Bracknell does intervene, but Jack still protests by not allowing Cecily to marry Algernon, Lady Bracknells nephew. This shows a selfish side of Jack; he is stopping someone elses relationship because he cant have his own way. This links back to the idea that he was self centred because if he was selfless than he would let Cecily and Algernon be together because that would make them happy and even though he is upset, they could still continue their relationship, but they cant without his permission. I was in handbag. This is a quote that describes Jacks mysterious past, in which he was abandoned and found in a railway station. This has probably had an impact on his life and character and he may be so self-centred because he felt rejected and feels he deserves to be because his real parents didnt want him and so he gives himself the attention. On stage the conversation would probably be quite awkward because Lady Bracknell is questioning him and he is obviously embarrassed about his part and doesnt want it to come out. It remains quite mysterious (until the end) because he doesnt know who his parents are until it is revealed that his mother is Lady Bracknells sister. Jack is engaged to Gwendolen but that is just one relationship that he has. His best friend is called Algernon and actually turns out to be his brother! He lives in the town but travelled out to the country to find out about Jack. The two characters are in many ways very similar because they are both dishonest and irresponsible. This is shown when Jack says I could deny it if I liked, I could deny anything if I liked because he is implying that he is used to and good at lying and can get himself out of any situation. This is possible not the best thing to say in this situation as he has been found to be lying; by saying this he is implying that he lies all the time. This would only make the characters trust him less and wonder what else he has been lying about. He also sounds a bit cocky and again self-centred because he thinks he can do what he likes, without thinking and he can get away with it. This is a characteristic that he shares with Algy which is possibly why they get on so well. They are both Bunburyists which means they have created another identity to get them out of social meetings that they dont want to take part in! This shows they are both selfish and probably ungrateful because somebody has gone to the effort of inviting them to the event and then they pretend they are busy to get out of it. This is backed up by the quote you have invented a very useful younger brother in order that you may be able to come up to town as often as possible because it explains why Jack ahs created Earnest. Although they get on well on the whole, they sometimes have small disagreements over petty things. In act two they have a disagreement over muffins. How can you sit there, calmly eating muffins, when we are in this horrible trouble is a quote from this argument. They continue arguing over the muffins, but there is an underlying reason for this argument. They are both probably a bit annoyed and nervous as to what is going to happen next because both the women have just found out they are Bunburyists and have gone inside. This has left the men in bad moods and they need to take it out on someone so they have a go at each other over the first thing they can. Though the play is quite light-hearted being a comedy there is a serious message underneath. I believe one symbol of this is the food. It seems to be a key idea carried through the play: the cucumber sandwiches in the first act and muffins and cake and sugar in the second act. I think that the food and gluttony is a representation of other appetites and levels of indulgence. When Jack eats the bread and butter, that is meant for Gwendolen, enthusiastically it is humorous but also could show that he is assuming Gwendolen likes him, and also that he shouldnt like Gwendolen and is being greedy wit his women. This idea is intensified because Algy says you behave as if you were married to her already as if the bread and butter represented Gwendolen. This idea is also present when Cecily and Gwendolen meet in act two and Gwendolen claims Cake is rarely seen at the best houses nowadays. And sugar is not fashionable anymore because it shows Gwendolen is very fussy and very concerned about image and others opinions. This is the same when it comes to men because she was only marrying Jack because she thought his name was Earnest. Wilde uses theses symbols (like the food) and themes to get across his message. The main theme is marriage, both as part of the storyline and as an underlying opinion of Oscar Wilde and his opinions of the people of the era. It soon becomes clear that in the Victorian era money, social class and background are the important things for the upper class to find a partner. This is shown when Lady Bracknell is interviewing potential bachelors for Gwendolen How many bedrooms? . She is clearly thinking about the vale of the property and making sure Gwendolen will have a rich husband who will be able to support her financially. Cecily is very dreamy but Jack is the only one who is a true romantic and although he has fallen for a rich woman wouldnt necessarily want/need a rich woman. The fact that this is a play means that the audience would have to go to the theatre, probably meaning they are quite wealthy, and might not understand the jokes fully because it is about their lifestyle, so it could offend. I think for this reason Wilde made it a comedy so he didnt put people of too much by having a go in a light hearted way. Another message of the play is that all the characters are very similar. If you pick out any line, which doesnt contain a name then a lot of the time it is difficult to know which character said it. This could suggest that Wilde believed the upper class lacked character and individuality. Regularly in the play the characters (especially Gwendolen and her mother Lady Bracknell) appear to lack personality and just seem shallow and only concerned with money and what is fashionable. All the characters are well spoken, and often appear to be being polite well their motives are actually quite malicious. What the Victorians believed about morality is also a source for mock the Victorians for Wilde. Throughout the play there seems to be a set of unwritten moral rules that everyone should obey. For example when Jack finds out Algy has read his cigarette caser he says he thinks reading a private cigarette case is ungentlemanly. Wilde mocks this by making the characters take this to extreme lengths. The whole play is quite satirical and presents a moral paradox due to the fact the title is The Importance of Being Earnest, Earnestness is a quality of being serious and as none of the characters are meant to be this, its satire. What Wilde wants us to see as truly moral is really the opposite of earnestness: irreverence. The fact that the two main male characters lie throughout the play might also be a point that Wilde tries to get across. Both treat life as if it is just a game or a work of art that they can do what they like with. Algy although untruthful, only created Bunbury to travel different places however Jack takes it to another level, by taking on both identities, bothering with costumes when Ernest dies etc. Algy makes up stories that dont harm the others view on truth but Jack acts almost hypocritically. Overall, Jack didnt actually change that much over the course of the action. He starts lying and just lines from the end says it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth, so his views have not changed considerably. The plot has not changed his life a huge amount, especially not in a negative way that would prompt change. He has found out he has a brother, but it is his best friend anyway so even though it may change their relationship, its not negative. He temporarily split form Gwendolen but then they got back together so this is not negative and also Lady Bracknell has discovered Jack is her nephew so this is good. This means we will see no reason to change because everything is good and how he wants it to be. Wildes message is clear, and in general I would say he thought the upper class were shallow and self-centred!

Essay on HIV and AIDS

Essay on HIV and AIDS Writing an essay on AIDS and HIV is a common experience of graduates and university students in the faculties of science, medicine, sociology, humanities and other social sciences. When you need to write an essay on AIDS and HIV, you need to be quite proficient in related terminology and their global image. AIDS is the abbreviated word use for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and HIV is the name of virus causing AIDS. People who are HIV positive or who are career of HIV virus may not have AIDS, but they are more prone to get the disease in the years to come if HIV virus becomes active. When you teacher asks you to write an essay on AIDS and HIV, you should do the following step by step: Essay on AIDS and HIV needs a clear conceptual understanding of the subject. You need to do a little research on what is AIDS, what is HIV at first. Then you need to know the causes and methods of disease spread. People have a limited understanding about this disease globally, there is a need to add  explanatory concepts in your essay on AIDS and HIV. When you write an essay on HIV you   need to focus on virus only, dont talk much about AIDS. When you are writing an essay on AIDS, just focus on AIDS and its related issues after introducing the HIV. When you need to do an essay on AIDS and HIV topics, you can refer to medical journals too. Aids essay and HIV essay are two different things leading to the same discussion; you need to differentiate while writing. Essay on Aids and essay on HIV require a little understanding of medical principles as well. Essay on AIDS and HIV can be written with a little understanding and comprehension of the concept. You can get help on Essay on AIDS and HIV from different sources including online sources. You can also acquire good custom Essays on HIV and AIDS from different online sources. The best way to find a quality Essay on AIDS and HIV is to see for the reliable companies. Reliable companies have a proven success record of custom writing. One of the reliable companies in custom writing business is CustomWritings.com. Writers at our company have expertise in writing Essay on AIDS and HIV   in MLA, APA, Harvard, Turabian, or Oxford style . They know the complexity of referencing and in text citation. Company has fool proof plagiarism control and prevention system. When you need any HIV and AIDS essay help or you need to buy a good quality original Essay on AIDS and HIV, you must visit us and place your order for a trouble free quality service.

Research Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Critique - Assignment Example It also provides a basis on how two parties can negotiate their responsibilities. The study highlighted some responsibilities that parents play in the care of their children with asthmatic condition and roles of the children for their self-care. Staying with asthma have need of the implementation of a variety of responsibilities as well as keeping an eye on signs, supervising medicine, looking for medical help and working mutually with health care personnel. This paper suggests that the responsibilities of parents in taking care of children suffering from asthma should be clear. The parents and caregivers must play their roles fully because young children have little understanding about their health condition. Children’s ability to take responsibility for their condition is reliant on what they are acceptable and instructed to do by their parents and caregivers. Children get involved in different activities like playing and going to school. The kind of independence that was discovered through the study is only limited to the simple things that children can do without much knowledge about what they are doing. The level of understanding that children have is not enough to allow them take responsibility of their asthmatic condition. Children’s understandings, mutually of their own bodies and their asthmatic state could be very diverse to those of their parents, which have repercussion for their advance to self-monitoring. This critical analysis paper will extract some points from the research paper to indicate important things this research considers. Direct quotations from the research paper are useful to analyze the findings and the conclusion of this study. The argument of this paper is that the roles of children aged between seven and twelve are not clear enough. The research used open-ended interviews to children and their parents. The children interviewed said what they were able to do now as opposed to what they

Discuss, with reference to relevant academic literature, how a tax Essay

Discuss, with reference to relevant academic literature, how a tax system might be designed to combat avoidance and evasion - Essay Example Tax evasion and avoidance have become common and is raising concerns over the effective funding of government administrative functions. It is therefore imperative that the government develop strategies that would help it reduce the cases of tax evasion and avoidance as this is eating into the country’s financial policies. People who deliberately avoid tax by hiding their wealth and income tend to pose a great challenge to the society. In the country’s effort to adjust the economy and eliminate the balance of payment deficit, it is essential to detect and follow up tax evaders and ensuring that they pay up. The world is currently experiencing technologically-driven transformation in the way business is done. The private sector is a pioneer in technology application in daily business operation including honoring of tax obligations. It is therefore advisable that the government need to seek collaboration with the private sector to develop a workable technologically driven mechanism of curbing the tax evasion menace. One of the greatest challenges is the range of data available. The government need to formulate a legal structure that is able to capture the property and assets of various entities in the country so that it can easily close down on the tax avoiders. This may be achieved through the use of sophisticated technology to analyze the purchase of property, bank loans, individual and corporate tax returns (Koniordos, 2005). The government may also target bank accounts and the employment data with the aim of identifying asset property, mark and trace financial transactions that raises suspicion and point out those who are trying to keep their wealth and income off the sight of the authorities with the aim of evading tax. Incorporation of technology in implementing tax policies also means that resources will be freed and skilled manpower from the private sector will enhance chances of rounding up tax evaders. Past records indicate that by 2010 rev iew of the UK government’s spending, over ? 900 million to attempt to solve the problem of tax avoidance, evasion, economic fraud through increasing the size of the human capital base on this issue, invest in more skills, increase the use of data from a third party and consistently develop mechanism of tackling the slippery tax evaders and the hidden wealth. By 2012, the government stepped up its campaign of challenging the citizens to honor the tax obligation in the spirit of boosting economic growth for the general welfare of the society. The efforts of the government to apply various tax policies have always been ineffective and this explains why further remedial measures are needed. The governments of UK has been making many efforts to exploit the opportunities offered by the available data and modern technology to unveil the hidden wealth and income and to hasten its efforts in curbing tax evasion. One of the approaches that can yield better results is curtailing offshor e banking fraud that is one of the greatest loopholes of tax evasion. The government need to access data with the aim of identifying linkages of such foreign accounts to some people. If the account holders are found out they should be compelled by the government to pay interest on top of taxes so far unpaid as a penalty. The actions that are important to recover such unpaid taxes entails co-ordination with foreign countries’

The Relationship Between Individuals And Their Environment Social Work Essay

The Relationship Between Individuals And Their Environment Social Work Essay Health visiting is governed by four principles which are the search for health needs, the stimulation of awareness for health needs, raise awareness of health needs and the influence on policy affecting health (). Performing a holistic Health needs assessment is a fundamental part of health visiting. The assessment process is one of the principles set out in the standards of proficiency for Specialist Community Public Health Nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2004). Wright (1998) explains assessment of health needs is not a process of relying on personal experience or listening to clients, but is a systematic method of recognising health needs that are unmet and making changes by encouraging clients to meet these unmet needs. Using a model or a framework is a systematic method of collecting information allowing a clear identification of problems or needs that need to be addressed. Such framework would also go on to guide the planning and implementation of interventions required to meet the priorities for individuals and families. The framework taken from system one, Child Individuals needs assessment was used to perform an assessment. System one is a computer system used in the authors practice area to record patient information. The Child individual needs assessment has been developed from the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH, 2000). This assessment framework supported the shift in policy from one that focused on abuse and significant harm to an assessment that adopted a broader view of childrens needs and wellbeing and identified impairment in terms of developmental need (Cowley, 2008). Consent has been gained to use the information. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) The Code (2008), and to protect confidentiality the names mentioned will remain anonymous. This case study focuses on a mother, Jody who is a single parent of three children. Due to the current demands on the Health Visiting team an antenatal contact visit had not been done. The Health Visiting team had been notified about the birth of baby Harrington and therefore this was a planned home birth visit at 14 days. Health visitors have core contacts they make with families as part of the Health Child Programme () and one them is an antenatal contact. This contact allows health visitors to establish a relationship with families and identify their need. Cowley (2008) states visiting clients in their homes allow health professionals to identify a families area of need and then target services appropriately for their need. However research has demonstrated an antenatal contact is useful to in helping health professionals to identify the risk and resilience factors and create a therapeutic relationship with the client which is necessary for the delivery of future services (Puura et al, 2002, Robert et al, 2002). Recommendations made recently suggest any preventative strategies need to be initiated in the antenatal period (Cowley, 2008). Coles et al () explains a starting point for assessing individuals needs is to analyse whether the need is normative which is defined by professionals, felt need which is defined by the client, expressed need when a felt need become a demand and comparative needs when comparing to others around them and fall short of the established standard. Wills (2007) explains it is important to consider that needs will be thought of differently depending on who is being consulted. The assessment covered Economic Wellbeing Observations which included residence and accommodation status as this can impact on a child. Jody living in a third floor council flat with three children, explained that she would like more space as the flat had two bedrooms with a living room she thought was not big enough. She explained the first bedroom was where she slept and would now have baby Harrington with her in the room. The second bedroom which was small, had a bunk bed and had no room to play in was shared by her eldest daughter Rosie, eleven years old and her younger daughter Ella four years old. The early life environment of a child shapes their life course and in turn can have an effect on their health status over a course of time (Wills, 2007). Housing is an environment where children spend most of their time in the first few years of life therefore require adequate space to live and sleep in. Good quality homes are important for the health and well-being of adults as well as children (). A childs development and wellbeing is shaped by factors such as family characteristics and the social, economic and physical environments in which they are raised. Poor housing environments and overcrowding can have significant impact on childrens physical and mental health as well as emotional and cognitive development (Marsh et al, 1999). The House of Commons () explains overcrowding as having too many people in one room or a room that is not an adequate size. Living in an overcrowded house has found to be linked with ill health costing the NHS approximately 600 million a year (House of Parliament, 2011). Research suggests that poor housing and overcrowding can have a physical impact on a childs healthy development leading to increased risk of asthma, respiratory distress, anxiety as well as lead to accident and injury. Adequate sleep, nutrition and exercise also contribute to a childs healthy physical functioning. Jody revealed she had visited the GP several times in the course of three months complaining that Ella had recurrent chest infections, and taken baby Harrington to the GP the day before as she felt he was having difficulty breathing. Jody went on to say that the bedrooms were showing signs of damp and she had reported this to the housing company and was yet to come out review this. Jody saw the need for mor e housing space as an expressed need as she wanted more living space for herself and children to play in. The housing report (2012) states the latest data found that the number of people living in overcrowded conditions continues to rise, as in 2009 2010 there were 630,000 in overcrowded housing which has risen to 655,000 in 2010 2011. The assessment revealed Jody had no extended family support as her family live in the south of England therefore are far to offer consistent support. Jody had moved to the area over eight months ago following the breakdown of her relationship. The father had left the family due to drinking habits and since the family had struggled to make ends meet. Jody is in receipt of benefits and has not made many friends in the area. Parents are an essential part of a childs development and require support to enable them to provide the right environment. Jody appears to be socially isolated, Armstrong (2002) articulates social isolation can occur when there is a lack of family and peer support. With the lack of this support Jody had it indicated that she had a risk of developing postnatal depression which can have detrimental effects on baby Harrington and her elder two daughters (Bee and Boyd, 2009). Honey, Bennett and Morga (2002) suggest research indicates postnatal depression can hinder a mothers ability to look after the child as well as affect the relationship between mother and child. This can cause problems in the childs emotional and cognitive development. Jody revealed since she had come home from the hospital she had a few teary moments but now felt fine, and also said she had postnatal depression following the birth of Ella. The author planned another visit which would be in a fortnight. This visit wo uld include an assessment of postnatal depression which is carried out at four to six weeks in the practice area. A tool called the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale would be used, which is a ten question self report questionnaire designed by Cox, Holden and sagovsky (1987). (ADD STRENGTHS/ WEAKNESSES OF TOOL?) Meredith and Noller (2003) proposed maternal depression increases the risk of difficult attachment with the infant, developmental, social problems and may lead to suicide. Baby Harrington being 14 days old was in the infancy stage of lifespan development. During infancy a baby will change physically more than any other stage of their life (Bee et al, 2009). Early childhood is consequently the most crucial and vulnerable period of brain development during lifespan. The start of Baby Harringtons life will lay the foundations of good health and well being for later years. Therefore what happens during pregnancy and the early years of life lays the foundations for future development of cognitive, language, physical, emotional, behavioural and social. Language and cognitive development is important during the first six months to three years of life. Sheridan (2008) proposes stimulation, warmth and positive parenting from parents during the early years is vital for the infant to gain maximum growth in the brain. The brain is increasingly sensitive to the influences of the external environment during early childhood. A child in an environment with increased s timulation will mean a child will learn and develop more. A child in an environment with less stimulating, emotionally and physically supportive, development of the brain is affected leading to cognitive, social and behavioural delays. High levels of stress during early childhood increases the risk of learning problems and stress related disease in to the adult years of life. The author found support to be a normative need for Jody, as a supported family environment is a fundamental component in raising a child. Jodys perception was that she was coping with the current situation and did not need support from family or friends as she felt she would be judged by them for not being a good parent to her children. Income was another factor identified through the assessment. The low income was a felt need for Jody as she said her parents were helping her financially. The author saw that having adequate income as a normative need in order to provide the children as well as Jody herself adequate healthy nutrition and a healthy future of well being. A newborn baby can increase expenditure on a family. This may cause Jody stress as it is an increase on feeding another child, Health in the UK is strongly associated with income and is a key determinant of health (Naidoo,). Naidoo () explains having a low income can affect children and adults health directly; this can be due to not having enough to eat or enough to buy a healthy diet. Research suggests obesity in low income families to be linked (). Jody does not drive therefore finds it difficult at times to access the larger supermarkets and is reliant on her local grocery store which can have limited choice and be more expensive. Mostyn et al (2011) suggest if money is an issue parents will feed children food they know they will be likely to eat to avoid wastage. Obesity in children can lead to health problems later in life such as heart disease and diabetes (). Living with a low income can also cause multiple stresses such as lead to parents worrying about their future well being of their children (). Children who live in families in poverty with a low income are also at an increased risk of lower academic achievement (). Jody revealed that she would start looking for employment in the area. Naidoo et al () states individuals who are unemployed are at a greater risk of ill health and mortality. Neumans systems model is a theory based on the importance of an individuals wellness in relation to stress and their reaction to these stressors. Neuman defines stressors as any condition or situation that cause an alteration in the individuals normal state of wellness. The stressors are determined by variables affecting the client system; physiological condition, developmental status, sociocultural influences, cognitive skills and spirituality. The model proposes a continuum of wellness to illness, with the focus on the individuals continuum being influenced by the interaction they may have with a variable and the stressors they encounter. Neuman identified environment that surrounds an individual at any given time can affect their well being. Environment and the individual Clients are influenced by environmental factors The role of the health professional is to focus on the stressors and keep the stressors and the stress response from having a detrimental effect on the individual. This is done through three levels of prevention. Firstly primary prevention is protecting client wellness through prevention and reducing the possibility of an encounter with a stressor as a reaction to the stressor has not yet occurred. This is done by strengthening the individuals line of defence. Secondary prevention is treating symptoms to stabilize the individuals system by strengthening the internal line of resistance reducing the reaction to the stressor. Tertiary prevention focuses on educating an individual to prevent a reoccurrence of an stress response to the stressor through strengthening resistance to these stressors. Jodys environment was a stressor for her as it was affecting her and her children as they did not have enough space to live in and the children did not have space to play. According to neumans model this will affect jodys stability and The absence of ill health and disease is not solely dependent on health. Robinson et al (1996) explains this as only one determinant of health. Health is the state of an individuals optimal well being (WHO,). There are wider determinants of health. Factors such housing, having a safe physical environment, lifestyle, health beliefs, cultural norms, education, socio economic factors employment, emotional and mental state of an individual affects health (). The author found the child assessment to be holistic. Assessing infant development holistically has never been so important (Cowley, 2008). Robinson (2010) purposes having this holistic approach of assessment allows an understanding of a child within the context of their family, community and culture in which they grow up in. Cowley et al () suggests that the framework should not be used as a checklist to assess needs. A needs assessment should include a client centred approach. The framework used for the holistic assessment did not consider the cultural beliefs of an individual or have space were their beliefs could be recorded. There were no prompts of what information was required if an individual had low income or housing that was not adequate. Apply neuman and weaknesses and strength of model! Marmot? http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2011/fm88/fm88d.html